24-index

Index The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader. Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. abortion, 190–91, 592 Abe, Zenji, 654–55, 655, 660, 668, 670 Abu Ghraib Prison, 464, 469, 652 ACC, see anterior cingulate cortex acetylcholine, 27, 692, 694 ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), 125, 708–9 ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), 76 Adler, Nancy, 293–94 adolescence, 59, 154–73 criminal justice system and, 170–71, 589–90, 592–93 culture and, 155–56 dopamine reward system and, 162–64, 163 empathy, sympathy, and moral reasoning in, 167–69, 543 frontal cortical maturation in, 154–60, 171–73, 589–90, 592–93 legal adulthood and, 155n novelty craving in, 161–62, 168 peers, social acceptance, and social exclusion in, 164–67 puberty in, 158–59 risk taking in, 160–64 violence in, 170–71 Adorno, Theodor, 202, 401, 446 adrenal gland, 27 adrenaline, 27 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 125, 708–9 affiliation, 3 African Americans, 407n, 408n, 582, 627, 640 doll studies and, 415 prejudice and stereotypes and, 89, 417 aggression, 2, 3, 11, 15, 16, 19, 43 air rage, 295–96 alcohol and, 134, 136 amygdala and, 31–34, 44 papers published on, 605 context of, 19 ecological duress and, 303 displacement, 17, 132 fear and, 44 in females, 117–24, 135–36 maternal, 118–19, 121 pain and, 91 religion and, 624–26, 625 ritualistic, 17 serotonin and, 76–77, 250–55 stress and, 131–32 testosterone and, 100–102, 107, 115, 135, 215, 216, 218–20, 259–60 papers published on, 605 types of, 16–17 vasopressin and, 116 see also violence agriculture, 317–18, 326 rice, 278–79, 278, 281 Ahern, Bertie, 577n–78n air rage, 295–96 AIS (androgen insensitivity syndrome), 216–17 Akil, Huda, 71 Alberts, Susan, 437 albinos, 370n, 616 alcohol, 196, 249 aggression and, 134, 136 aliens, space, 398, 401n Allen, Robert, 554 Allman, John, 46, 506–8 allomothering, 337 Allport, Gordon, 420 Altmann, Jeanne, 437 Altman, Joseph, 147, 149, 150 altruism, 3, 15, 16, 18, 339, 342, 364, 487, 546–47, 551, 565 pathological, 18, 39, 545–46 reciprocal, 324, 342–54, 372–73, 499, 547 indirect, 324 in single-cell amoeba, 344n self-interest in, 547–51 Always Cooperate/Defect, 350, 351, 353, 363 Alzheimer’s, 53n Amazonians, 310, 310 ambiguity, 450 American Psychological Association (APA), 592 Amin, Idi, 414 amino acids, 712 Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (Naipaul), 13 amygdala, 30–44, 59–62, 73, 125, 143, 144, 193, 454, 518, 531, 545 aggression and, 31–34, 44 papers published on, 605 basolateral (BLA), 36–40, 129 childhood adversity and, 196, 201 faces and, 85, 89, 388, 395, 408–9, 416, 418, 614, 628–29 fear and, 34, 36–40, 42, 44, 85, 87–90, 97, 129 as part of networks, 40–44 punishment and, 610 removal of, 32 stress and, 128–29 testosterone and, 100, 102–4 urban living and, 296 Andaman Islanders, 317, 318 Andreotta, Glenn, 657, 658n, 658, 660, 670 androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), 216–17 anger, 62 anhedonia, 197 animal cruelty and animal rights, 508, 617 dog-meat market, 510, 510 Harlow’s studies and, 191n animals, 10–11 compassion in, 523–26 conformity in, 456–58 emotional contagion in, 523–26, 569 morality in, 484–87 sensory triggers of behavior in, 83–84 see also specific types of animals antagonistic pleiotropy, 329 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 46, 59, 516–19, 528–34, 547, 559–60, 569, 622 anxiety, 143 amygdala and, 34–35, 40, 44 apes, 10, 11, 45 apologies, 638–40 Arab Spring, 653 Arafat, Yasir, 577 archaeology, 305–9, 608 Archer, John, 101 Ardrey, Robert, 316 Arendt, Hannah, 202, 475 Ariely, Dan, 491 Aristotle, 120n, 488 Armistead, Lewis, 409 arousal, 43–44 Asch, Solomon, 461, 464, 470, 474 Ashworth, Tony, 665, 666 Asia, 277–78 atheism, 626 athletes, 396, 397, 502–3 Atlantic, 668 Atran, Scott, 574–75 Attachment and Loss (Bowlby), 189 attachment theory, 189 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 76 auditory stimuli, 6, 83–84, 89 authority, 449, 450, 455–56 obedience to, see obedience and conformity autism, 114 mirror neurons and, 539–40 automaticity, 50 autonomic nervous system, 22, 26–27 Axelrod, Robert, 346, 348, 372, 574–75, 634 Baader-Meinhof Gang, 33 baboons, 17, 123, 131–32, 162, 172, 191–92, 196, 207, 295, 303, 337, 338, 429, 648–52, 648, 650 “Garbage Dump” troop of, 648–50, 649 hierarchies and, 426–27, 427, 428, 436–39, 442, 455 Balkans, 300, 618, 663 Banaji, Mahzarin, 464 Barash, David, 382 Bargh, John, 565, 566 Barnum, P. T., 52 Baumeister, Roy, 91 Baumgartner, Thomas, 517 Baumrind, Diana, 202–3, 208 BBC Prison Study, 467–68 BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), 129, 143, 195 beauty, 88, 443 Beckwith, Jonathan, 384 bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), 43, 102, 143 Begin, Menachem, 16n behaviorism, 8–9, 82–83, 188–90 Bell, George, 662 Belyaev, Dmitry, 377–78 Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 653 Benchley, Robert, 387 Benedict, Ruth, 502 Berkowitz, David, 225n, 593n Bernhardt, Michael, 656–57 Berreby, David, 399 Better Angels of Our Nature, The: Why Violence Has Declined (Pinker), 306, 309n, 616–19 Bible, 11, 624–25, 625, 660 Bingham, Hiram, 409 Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne, 161 Block, Ned, 242 Bloom, Paul, 484, 545, 546, 562 body, interoceptive information about, 90–92, 528, 529, 566 Boehm, Christopher, 322–25 Bok, Hilary, 599 Bokassa, Jean-Bédel, 367 Boko Haram, 631–32 bonobos, 111, 122, 317, 325, 365, 525, 614 Boroditsky, Lera, 558n Bouazizi, Mohamed, 652–53, 653, 660 Bouchard, Thomas, 235, 239, 244 Bowlby, John, 189–90, 222 Bowles, Samuel, 309, 321, 364, 405, 512 Boyce, Tom, 195 Boyd, Robert, 350 Brady, Joseph, 436 Braille, 144–46 brain, 6–8, 11, 21–80, 154, 679–706 amygdala in, see amygdala anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in, 46, 59, 516–19, 528–34, 547, 559–60, 569, 622 autonomic nervous system and, 22, 26–27 bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in, 43, 102, 143 changes in size of regions in, 150–52 conformity and, 459–61 damage to, 53, 149, 590–91, 597, 601–2, 609, 705 directions in, 54n frontal cortex in, see frontal cortex fusiform face area in, 80, 85–86, 88, 114, 122n, 388, 402 hemispheres and lateralization of, 30, 30 hippocampus in, see hippocampus limbic system of, see limbic system locus coeruleus in, 43 malleability of, 53 mesolimbic/mesocortical dopamine system in, see dopamine neocortex in, 23 neurons in, see neurons neurotransmitters in, see neurotransmitters nucleus accumbens in, 64–65, 103 obedience and, 459–61 periaqueductal gray (PAG) in, 41, 42, 59, 527 plasticity in, 137–53, 172, 188, 223 prefrontal cortex in, see prefrontal cortex premotor cortex (PMC) in, 47, 166–68, 535–36, 540 size of, and social group size, 429, 430 social rank and, 434, 475 temporoparietal juncture (TPJ) in, 55n, 114, 178, 275, 480, 527, 531, 533, 535 triune model of, 22–23 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 129, 143, 195 breast-feeding, 189n British Empire, 415 Brooks, Stephen, 656n Brosnan, Sarah, 484–87 Brown, Andrew, 381 Brown, Donald, 271 Brown, Stuart, 205 Brown v. Board of Education, 415 Bucy, Paul, 24 Buddhists, 19, 544–45, 551, 624 bullying, 199–200, 292–93, 431 Bush, George H. W., 632 Bush, George W., 403, 443, 454 bystander effect, 94–95 Cagots, 401 CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), 215–18 Cajal, Santiago, 681, 684, 688 calcium, 140 Calhoun, John C., 285, 298 California Caverns, 160–61 California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), 48n Calley, William, Jr., 656, 657, 658n Camp David Peace Accords, 16n Cantor, James, 597 Carnegie Medal, 520 Carrion, Victor, 195 Carter, Sue, 110, 112 Caspi, Avshalom, 254 catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), 256–58 categorical thinking, 5–9 causation, 599–600 compulsion and, 593 multifactorial, 602–3 cave paintings, 556, 556, 557 CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), 61 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 201 cells, 703, 703 red blood (RBCs), 680, 680, 681 Chagnon, Napoleon, 312–14 Champagne, Frances, 221 charitability, 115, 370, 548–50 Charlie Hebdo, 554 cheating, 324, 449, 492, 514–20 reciprocal altruism and, 344–53 Cheney, Dorothy, 337–38 Chestnut, Joey, 431 Chicago riots, 472 Chicago Seven, 396n childhood, children, 7, 8, 21, 174–222 adolescence, see adolescence class differences and, 207–9 in collectivist vs. individualist cultures, 206–7 compassion in, 527–28 culture and, 202–10 in cultures of honor, 207 developmental stages in, 174–87, 177, 479 empathy in, 179–81 hospitalization in, 189 marshmallow test and, 185–87 media violence and, 198, 206–7 neighborhood and, 205 parenting and, see parents, parenting peers in, 204 play in, 204–5 Us/Them-ing in, 391–92 childhood adversity, 194–201 abuse, 193–94, 254 by stepparent, 367–68 biology and, 194–97 bullying, 199–200, 431 observing violence, 197–98 poverty, 195–96 resilience and, 200 in Romanian institutions, 201, 201 serotonin and, 254–55 child labor, 508, 615 child soldiers, 156n, 630–31, 631 Chimpanzee Politics (de Waal), 444 chimpanzees, 111, 269–70, 270, 316, 317, 325, 365, 717 conformity in, 457–58, 470 observational learning in, 523–24 trust and, 393 Us/Them and, 389 yawning in, 457n China, 414, 415, 654 Chomsky, Noam, 384 chromosomes, 223 Chuck E. Cheese’s, 342n Churchland, Patricia, 541 Cinderella effect, 367 cities, 296, 298–99 civilizing process, 617 Civil War, 409, 662 Battle of Gettysburg, 554, 644 Clark, Kenneth and Mamie, 415 class, see socioeconomic status Clay, Henry, 285 cleanliness, 564–65 climate, 302–3 Clinton, Bill, 640 cognition, 617–18 adolescence and, 159 cognitive load, 49–50, 416–17, 546 empathy fatigue, 534–35 emotion and, 54–58 empathy and, 528, 531–35, 552 frontal cortex and, 47–50, 159 stages of cognitive development, 176–79 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 61 Cohen, Dov, 285, 286, 287 Cohen, Jonathan, 47, 58, 609 Cohn, Alain, 491 Cohn, Roy, 396 Colburn, Lawrence, 657, 658n, 658, 660, 670 Coles, Robert, 181n Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (Diamond), 302 collectivist cultures, 97, 156, 206–7, 273–82, 474, 501–3 Coming of Age in Samoa (Mead), 122 compassion, 15, 522, 523, 542 acts of, 542–45, 551, 614 effective, 545–46 in animals, 523–26 in children, 527–28 self-interest in, 547–50, 642 wealthy people and, 533–34 see also empathy compatibilism, 586 competition, 2–4, 15, 16 moral judgment and, 495–500 COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase), 256–58 conditioned place preference, 103 confidence, 102–3, 237 confirmation biases, 403 conflict monitoring, 528–29 conflict resolution, sacred values in, 575–79, 643–44 conformity, see obedience and conformity congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 215–18 consequentialism, 504–7, 520 consolation behavior, 525–26 contact theory, 420, 626–30 cooperation, 3, 4, 15, 547, 633–35 moral judgment and, 495–500, 508–9 optimal strategy for, 345–53 punishment used to promote, 635 starting, 353–54, 508–9 corporate personhood, 411n, 503 Correll, Joshua, 86 corruption, 267 Corry, Stephen, 315 cortex, 29 Cotton, Ronald, 641–42 Craddock, Sandie, 124 CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone), 125, 129, 132, 708–9 Crick, Francis, 714 crime: abortion and, 190–91 broken window theory of, 95–96 income inequality and, 295 in 1970s and 1980s, 311 organized, 395–96 urbanization and, 296 Crimean War, 662 criminal justice system, 171, 253, 398, 502–3, 580–600, 608–12 adolescents and, 170–71, 589–90, 592–93 brain damage and, 590–91, 597, 598, 601–2, 609 and causation vs. compulsion, 593 cognitive biases in jurors, 582 and diminished responsibility for actions, 587 free will and, see free will judicial decisions, 448, 449, 483, 583, 643 neuroimaging data and, 582, 599 and starting a behavior vs. halting it, 594–95 and time course of decision making for action, 592–93 crises, cultural, 301–3 culture(s), 7, 11, 21, 266–327 adolescence and, 155–56 changes in, over time, 276–77 childhood and, 202–10 collectivist, 97, 156, 206–7, 273–82, 474, 501–3 crises and, 301–3 definitions of, 269–71 differences in, 271–73 gender-related, 272 diffusion and, 621 egalitarian, 291–96 of honor, 207, 283, 284, 501 American South, 207, 284–88, 501 honor killings in, 288–91, 290 human universals in, 271–72 hunter-gatherer, 291, 315–25, 318, 372–73, 407, 499, 616–17, 620 gods in, 297 Hadza, 317–19, 318, 498, 620 violence in, 319–25, 322 individualistic, 97, 156, 206–7, 273–82, 474, 501–3 learning in, 457 long-lasting effects of, 267 math skills and, 266–67, 406 moral judgments and, 275, 493–503 pastoral, 282–83, 288, 379 religion and, 283, 304 prehistoric and contemporary indigenous, 305–26, 307, 310, 318, 320, 322 religion in, see religion sensory processing and, 276 similarities in, 271–72 stratified, 291–96 stress responses and, 274–75 violence and, 272 Cushing’s syndrome, 151n Cyberball, 165–66, 529–30, 559 Dalai Lama, 544 Dale, Henry, 692 Dalton, Katharina, 123 Daly, Martin, 367 Damasio, Antonio, 28, 56, 61, 97, 507, 538 Darden, Chris, 396 Darkness in El Dorado: How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon (Tierney), 312n Darwin, Charles, 230n Darwin’s finches, 379 Das, Gopal, 147 Davidson, Richard, 544 Davis, Richard, 574–75 Dawkins, Richard, 330, 333, 361, 362 DeCasper, Anthony, 210–11 deception, 512–17 Decety, Jean, 180, 532 decision making, 38–39, 46–47 De Dreu, Carsten, 116–17 De Kock, Eugene, 629–30 Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence (Wrangham and Peterson), 316, 317 Dennett, Daniel, 607, 668–69 deontology, 504, 505, 520 depression, 143, 437, 602–3 childhood adversity and, 196–97 5HTT variant and, 246 Descarte, René, 28 Descartes’ Error (Damasio), 28 despotism, avoidance of, 324 DeVore, Irven, 384, 427, 651 De Waal, Frans, 271, 444, 457, 484–87, 525, 526 diabetes, 379–80 gestational, 359n dichotomizing, 392 see also Us/Them dichotomies Dictator Game, 497, 498 Diallo, Amadou, 86 Diamond, Jared, 302 Diana, Princess of Wales, 401n–2n disgust, 411, 560–65 adolescents and, 160n insular cortex and, 41, 46, 69, 398–99, 454, 560–61 interpersonal, 399 moral, 398, 454, 561–65 political orientation and, 453–55 Us/Them and, 398–99 dishonesty, 512–17 Disney, Walt, 84 DNA, 108, 147, 223, 225–33, 261–62 as blueprint for constructing proteins, 712–14 exons and introns and, 230–31 mutations and polymorphisms and, 714–17 noncoding, 226 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 328 dog(s), 112 deception in, 513 dog-meat market and, 510, 510 feral Moscow, 378, 379 scenario of saving person vs., 368, 371 doll studies, 415 Donohue, John, 190 dopamine (mesolimbic/mesocortical dopamine system), 30, 64–77, 84, 103, 151, 275, 390, 555–56, 692 in adolescence, 162–64, 163 arbitrary signals and, 391 charitable acts and, 548–50 childhood adversity and, 196 D4 receptor, gene for (DRD4), 256, 258, 260, 261, 279 7R variant, 256, 279–81 empathy and, 534, 545, 546 genes and, 255–58, 264, 279–81, 280 L-DOPA and, 693 DRD4 gene, 256, 258, 260, 261, 279 7R variant of, 256, 279–81 drone pilots, 645–46 drought, 303 drugs, 65, 76, 196 neuropharmacology, 693–94 Drummond, Edward, 586 Dunbar, Robin, 429 Dunbar’s number, 430 Dweck, Carol, 595 Dylan, Bob, 184 Eakin, John, 554 East Asia, 277–78 Eckford, Elizabeth, 640 E. coli, 343, 380 economic games and game theory, 18, 55, 66, 77, 89, 93, 104, 112, 116, 255, 272, 292, 345, 393, 398, 497–500, 609, 610, 624 Dictator Game, 497, 498 hunger and, 92, 449 language effects on, 92–93, 491 Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), 92, 116, 345–46, 372, 393, 557, 633, 634 public good, 495–96 third-party punishment, 497 Tit for Tat, 346–53, 363, 634, 666 Contrite, 350 Forgiving, 350, 351 Ultimatum Game, 38–39, 106, 486, 497, 498, 500, 610, 635 educational attainment, 263 egalitarian cultures, 291–96 egalitarianism, 167, 180–81 Eichmann, Adolf, 464, 475 Eisenberger, Naomi, 165 Eisenegger, Christoph, 106 Eldredge, Niles, 374–75, 385 Elias, Norbert, 617 Ellsberg, Daniel, 652 El Niños, 302 Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 641 Ember, Carol, 319, 321 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 520 emotional contagion, 522 in animals, 523–26, 569 in children, 527–58 brain and, 22–28 cognition and, 54–58 eyes and, 89, 97 and frontal cortical changes in adolescence, 160 reappraisal and, 60–61, 160, 453 empathy, 3, 4, 15, 18, 46, 169, 454, 521–52, 617 in adolescence, 167–69 affective side of, 528–31, 552 cognitive load and, 534–35, 546 cognitive side of, 528, 531–35, 552 compassionate acts and, 542–45, 551, 614 effectiveness in, 545–46 emotional contagion, 522 in animals, 523–26, 569 in children, 527–28 group loyalty and, 395 mimicry and, 102, 522–24 mirror neurons and supposed role in, 540–41 pain and, 86, 133, 169, 180, 395, 522, 523, 527, 532, 533, 540, 545–47, 550–52, 560, 568 self-interest in, 547–50, 642 stress and, 133 Us/Them and, 532–35 wealthy people and, 533–34 in young children, 179–81 endocrinology, 7 basics of, 707–10 see also hormones Enlightenment, 615, 617 environmental degradation, 302 envy, 15, 67 epilepsy, 605–6, 610, 611 epinephrine, 27, 126 equality, 395 Escherichia coli, 343, 380 estrogen, 117, 118, 144, 158 genes and, 260 prenatal, 211–13 ethology, 10, 81–84 Evans, Robert, 294–95 evolution, 7, 15, 21, 328–86 adaptation in, 380–85 basics of, 328–31 behavior and, 331–32 continuous and gradual, 374–80 evidence for, 329–30 exaptation in, 381, 569 fossil record and, 329, 330, 375, 376 founder populations and, 353–54, 633 genes and, 328–29, 373–74 genotype vs. phenotype in, 360–62 group selection in, 332–33, 426 human, 365–73 individual selection in, 366–68 kin selection in, 368–72, 499 and reciprocal altruism and neo-group selectionism, 372–73 as tournament vs. pair-bonded, 365–66 individual selection in, 333–36, 366–68 intersexual genetic conflict and, 359–60 kin selection in, 336–42, 368–72, 499, 570 cousins and, 339–40 green-beard effect and, 341–42, 353, 390, 409, 633, 637 and recognizing relatedness, 340–41, 570 misconceptions about, 328–29 multilevel selection in, 360–65 natural selection in, 330–31 neo-group selection in, 360, 363–65, 372–73 observed in real time, 379–80 and pair-bonding vs. tournament species, 354–58, 360, 365–66, 383 parent-offspring conflict and, 358–59 punctuated equilibrium in, 374–80, 384–85 reciprocal altruism and, 342–54, 372–73 optimal cooperation strategy and, 345–53 starting cooperation and, 353–54 selection for complexity and, 329 selection for preadaptation and, 329 sexual selection in, 330–31 sociobiology and, 331–33, 374–76, 380–84 spandrels and, 381–82, 382 survival of the fittest and, 328–29 tinkering and improvisation in, 381, 568–69 evolutionary psychology, 331–32 executions, 170–71, 472, 582 firing squads, 471–72 executive function, 48 sustained stress and, 130–31 see also cognition; frontal cortex executive stress syndrome, 436 eyes, social impact of, 89, 97, 623 Facebook, 164, 667 faces, 85–89, 129, 275 amygdala and, 85, 89, 388, 395, 408–9, 416, 418 beauty in, and confusion with goodness, 88, 443 disgust and, 411 dominant, 432, 433 eyes, social impact of, 89, 97, 623 fear and, 85, 395, 411 fusiform response to, 80, 85–86, 88, 114, 122n, 388, 402 gender of, 88 infants and, 391–92 race of, 85–87, 89, 391–92, 398, 408–9, 418–19, 614, 628–29 testosterone and, 102, 104 voting and, 442–44 FADS2 gene, 246 Fail-Safe (Burdick and Wheeler), 349n–50n Fairbanks, Lynn, 337 fairness and justice, 323–24, 449, 450 children’s sense of, 181, 483–84 see also morality and moral decisions Farah, Martha, 195 fascism, 202, 308, 401 fear: aggression and, 44 amygdala and, 34, 36–40, 42, 44, 85, 87–90, 97, 129 faces and, 85, 395, 411 innate vs. learned, 36 pheromones and, 90 sustained stress and, 128–30 Fehr, Ernst, 55, 106, 517 Felt, W. Mark, 652 Ferguson, R. Brian, 308, 309 fetus, 210–11 conflict with mother, 358–59 prenatal environment and, 7, 210–21 hormones in, 211–19 fight or flight response, 26, 125, 133–34, 149n finches, 379 firing squads, 471–72 Fischer, David Hackett, 288 fish, tit for tat behavior in, 351–52 Fiske, Richard, 654–55, 655, 660, 668, 670 Fiske, Susan, 408, 411, 421, 522, 533, 628–29 5HTT gene, 246, 251, 260, 261 fission-fusion species, 51, 429–30 flags, symbolic power of, 391, 554 Floyd,